...
Friday, March 28, 2014
Sunday, February 23, 2014
PYLORIC STENOSIS (GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION)
Pyloric
stenosis is rarely due to stenosis at the pylorus. More commonly, the
obstruction is on one side of the pylorus, either in the first part of the
duodenum due to chronic scarring from a duodenal ulcer or in the antrum due to
a carcinoma. True pyloric stenosis can arise from a pyloric channel ulcer or
very rarely from a congenital web or adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Some
instances of gastric stenosis are caused by inflammatory oedema...
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Worldwide,
duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers and there is a
significantly higher incidence of duodenal ulceration in males of all age
groups. Dietary factors, drug ingestion (NSAIDs) and smoking are important in
the aetiology. The most common causes are environmental ulcerogens (chemical or
infective) acting in consort with factors that impair gastric mucosal
resistance to injury and healing of mucosal lesions thereby leading to
chronicity....
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Bleeding from the gastrointestinal
tract may be caused by lesions located in the foregut (oesophagus, stomach and
duodenum), midgut (small bowel up to mid transverse colon) and hindgut (distal
colon and rectum). The bleeding may be
acute when the patient presents with hypovolaemia, or chronic when the clinical
picture is that of symptomatic anaemia. The common causes of acute upper
gastrointestinal haemorrhage are:
•
chronic
peptic ulceration;
•
NSAID-induced
bleeding;
•
oesophagogastric
varices.
Irrespective...
Saturday, February 22, 2014
DYSPEPSIA
Gastroduodenal
disease produces varied symptoms described by the term 'dyspepsia'. Dyspeptic
symptoms are extremely common in the general population. An agreed international
definition is 'episodic or persistent abdominal symptoms, often related to the
intake of food, which patients or physicians believe to be due to disorders of
the proximal portion of the digestive tract'. The symptoms included in this
generic definition of dyspepsia are:
•
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen;
•
nausea...
Friday, February 21, 2014
WEIGHT LOSS IN GERIATRIC
Weight loss improves many of the adverse health outcomes
associated with obesity, including preventing or delaying the onset of
diabetes, improving blood sugar control in those with diabetes, reducing low-density
lipoprotein (bad cholesterol), raising high-density lipoprotein (good
cholesterol), improving hypertension, improving symptoms of osteoarthritis, and
providing an improved sense of well-being. Individuals must only lose a small
percentage of their weight (B5–10%) to begin seeing these improved health
outcomes. As many people know from...
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
THE IMMUNE MECHANISM
The actual body's defence mechanism is a remarkable
safeguard procedure. That creates quick, particular, and also safety responses
from the range likely pathogenic microbes in which inhabit the entire world by
which we reside. The tragic examples of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) and the inherited severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) graphically
show the outcomes of a nonfunctional adaptive body's defence mechanism. HELPS
individuals and also young children using SCID frequently tumble unwilling recipient
to be able to attacks...
CLASIFICATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: UNSTABLE ANGINA AND NON-ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Acute coronary symptoms (ACS) details your procession of
myocardial ischemia of which runs coming from unpredictable angina on just one
end with the range in order to non–ST segment height myocardial infarction (MI)
in the other end. Unsound angina is actually known coming from stable angina (
Section 70 ) by the new beginning or maybe difficult of signs or symptoms in
the previous sixty nights or maybe by the growth of post-MI angina a day and up
following your beginning of MI. If the clinical photo of unpredictable angina
is actually coupled...
CORONARY HEART FAILURE
Cardiovascular failure is often a
heterogeneous symptoms by which abnormalities associated with cardiac
functionality have the effect of the inability of the heart in order to water
pump blood vessels in a production sufficient to satisfy the needs associated
with metabolizing tissue as well as a chance to accomplish that only in
abnormally raised diastolic challenges as well as quantities. One's heart
failure symptoms will be seen as a signs associated with intravascular along
with interstitial amount clog (shortness associated with breath of...
GERIATRI PARADIGM
Geriatrics is the practice of care for frail older people.
The epitome of geriatrics is treating multiple interactive problems that cross
domains. In essence, geriatrics represents the intersection of chronic disease care
and gerontology. Clinicians caring for older persons need to understand that
diseases present differently in older persons, and their management is complicated
by the presence of other factors. Older people take more medications, and hence
are at greater risk of drug interactions. Older people may face problems in
other sectors...
HEALTH AND CARE SERVICES
Health care for older people involves managing chronic illness.
In essence, geriatrics represents the intersection of chronic disease care and
gerontology. Diseases present differently in older persons, and their treatment
is complicated by the presence of impairments in other domains, such as affect,
cognition, and economics. In the United States, older persons are the only
group covered by a universal health care insurance system. Nonetheless, there
remains substantial geographic variation in access to care. In general, older
people still suffer...
CANCER AND AGE
Cancer is the second
leading cause of mortality after heart disease and the leading cause of death
among women ages 40 to 79 and men ages 60 to 79. Within the 65þ age group, the
population 85 years and older is projected to double from 4.3 million in 2005 million
by 2030.
Life expectancy has
increased. More people are treated successfully after a cancer diagnosis,
resulting in a greater prevalence of the elderly living with or developing
cancer. It is important for all professionals dealing with the elderly to understand
what the disease is...
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
The ability to find vulnerable
plaques will make it possible to test the hypothesis that vulnerable patients
require lower blood pressure, e.g., 120/70 mm Hg. As noted earlier, ACE inhibitors
not only reduce blood pressure, stroke risk, and mortality in congestive heart
failure, but also reduce the risk of reinfarction and of progressive
atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms may contribute, including the anti-inflammatory
action of ACE inhibitors. Related and equally promising drugs are the
angiotensin receptor blockers, which have the putative...
Saturday, February 15, 2014
HYPERTENSION
Casual Office Blood Pressure Blood pressure is normally distributed within the
population, with
no natural cutoff point allowing discrimination between normotensive and hypertensive individuals.
Moreover, the
tendency for blood pressure to rise with age makes
it difficult to apply uniformly any
criteria of normal blood pressure.
In women the blood pressure rise is steeper after menopause.The definition of
hypertension is in some way arbitrary. By choosing specific blood pressure levels as
upper limits
of normal it is meant that the cardiovascular...
Thursday, February 13, 2014
PREVENTION ABOUT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
For many years, organizations have sought to prevent the development
of coronary heart disease in the many countries of the world. The World Health
Organization (WHO) in its constitution states that health is a state of
complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity. In the declaration of Alma Ata in 1978, it is further stated that
the existing gross inequality in the health status of the people, particularly
between developed and developing countries, is politically, socially, and
economically...
FACT, ARTHEROSCLEROSIS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Consequences of atherosclerosis are grouped under the broad phrase “cardiovascular diseases,” which is made up
of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and
other circulatory disorders. These afflictions include the many manifestations of coronary heart disease, such as
myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure,
and the consequences of peripheral disease, such as stroke, peripheral vascular disease, aortic disease, and renal
failure. Myocardial infarction and stroke have...
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