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Friday, March 28, 2014
Sunday, February 23, 2014
PYLORIC STENOSIS (GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION)
Pyloric
stenosis is rarely due to stenosis at the pylorus. More commonly, the
obstruction is on one side of the pylorus, either in the first part of the
duodenum due to chronic scarring from a duodenal ulcer or in the antrum due to
a carcinoma. True pyloric stenosis can arise from a pyloric channel ulcer or
very rarely from a congenital web or adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Some
instances of gastric stenosis are caused by inflammatory oedema...
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Worldwide,
duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers and there is a
significantly higher incidence of duodenal ulceration in males of all age
groups. Dietary factors, drug ingestion (NSAIDs) and smoking are important in
the aetiology. The most common causes are environmental ulcerogens (chemical or
infective) acting in consort with factors that impair gastric mucosal
resistance to injury and healing of mucosal lesions thereby leading to
chronicity....
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Bleeding from the gastrointestinal
tract may be caused by lesions located in the foregut (oesophagus, stomach and
duodenum), midgut (small bowel up to mid transverse colon) and hindgut (distal
colon and rectum). The bleeding may be
acute when the patient presents with hypovolaemia, or chronic when the clinical
picture is that of symptomatic anaemia. The common causes of acute upper
gastrointestinal haemorrhage are:
•
chronic
peptic ulceration;
•
NSAID-induced
bleeding;
•
oesophagogastric
varices.
Irrespective...
Saturday, February 22, 2014
DYSPEPSIA
Gastroduodenal
disease produces varied symptoms described by the term 'dyspepsia'. Dyspeptic
symptoms are extremely common in the general population. An agreed international
definition is 'episodic or persistent abdominal symptoms, often related to the
intake of food, which patients or physicians believe to be due to disorders of
the proximal portion of the digestive tract'. The symptoms included in this
generic definition of dyspepsia are:
•
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen;
•
nausea...
Friday, February 21, 2014
WEIGHT LOSS IN GERIATRIC
Weight loss improves many of the adverse health outcomes
associated with obesity, including preventing or delaying the onset of
diabetes, improving blood sugar control in those with diabetes, reducing low-density
lipoprotein (bad cholesterol), raising high-density lipoprotein (good
cholesterol), improving hypertension, improving symptoms of osteoarthritis, and
providing an improved sense of well-being. Individuals must only lose a small
percentage of their weight (B5–10%) to begin seeing these improved health
outcomes. As many people know from...
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
THE IMMUNE MECHANISM
The actual body's defence mechanism is a remarkable
safeguard procedure. That creates quick, particular, and also safety responses
from the range likely pathogenic microbes in which inhabit the entire world by
which we reside. The tragic examples of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) and the inherited severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) graphically
show the outcomes of a nonfunctional adaptive body's defence mechanism. HELPS
individuals and also young children using SCID frequently tumble unwilling recipient
to be able to attacks...
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